bongkrekic acid (bka  (Millipore)

Journal: Cancer Communications

Article Title: The Ly6g high Neutrophil Subset Dictates Breast Cancer Lung Metastasis via CD8 + T Cell Death

doi: 10.34133/cancomm.0003

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cathelicidin binding to ANT1 induces mPTP opening and promotes apoptosis in CD8 + T cell. (A) CD8 + T cells isolated from WT mice were treated with NETs derived from WT or Cramp −/− mice, or with Cramp, and then stained with JC-1. ΔΨm was determined by flow cytometry ( n = 4). The bar graph on the right shows the decreased ΔΨm of CD8 + T cells. (B) Representative immunofluorescence images showing colocalization of Cramp (green) with mitochondria (red) in CD8 + T cells by confocal laser microscopy. (C and D) CD8 + T cells were treated with vehicle (cell-free culture medium), NETs derived from WT or Cramp −/− mice, or Cramp. Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ROS were measured using DCFH-DA and MitoSOX red probes [ n = 5, (C)]. Representative transmission electron microscopic images of mitochondrial ultrastructure in CD8 + T cells under the indicated treatments (D). Red arrows point to mitochondria exhibiting swelling, disorganized cristae, and loss of membrane integrity. (E) Mouse or human CD8 + T cells were treated with Cramp or LL37. The mPTP opening of mitochondria was measured by calcein loading/CoCl 2 quenching. (F) Protein–protein interactions were assessed in vitro using a pull-down assay. Recombinant proteins Ant1 (or Vdac1) and biotin-labeled Cramp (or a cecropin-like antibacterial peptide from Helicobacter pylori ) were used for this purpose. (G) Co-IP was used to check the interaction between mitochondrial protein Ant1 and Vdac1 in mouse CD8 + T cells under the treatment with different concentrations of NETs derived from WT and Cramp − / − mice ( n = 3). (H and I) Mouse CD8 + T cells were treated with Cramp or Cramp combined with different concentrations of BKA ( n = 4). (H) The interaction between mitochondrial protein Ant1 and Vdac1 in CD8 + T cells was assessed by Co-IP. (I) The ΔΨm of mitochondria in CD8 + T cells was assessed by flow cytometry after staining with JC-1. (J) CD8 + T cells were treated as in (I), and CD8 + T cell apoptosis was quantified by flow cytometry ( n = 4). The bar graph on the right shows the apoptosis of CD8 + T cells. The data with error bars are presented as the mean ± SD; statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA test (A, C, I, and J). ANOVA, analysis of variance; Ant1, adenine nucleotide translocator 1; BKA, bongkrekic acid; CD8, cluster of differentiation 8; Co-IP, coimmunoprecipitation; Cramp, cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide; Cyto, cytoplasm; DAPI, 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DCFH-DA, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; Hp, Helicobacter pylori ; kDa, kilodalton; Mito, mitochondrial; mPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore; NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps; PI, propidium iodide; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Vdac1, voltage dependent anion channel 1; WT, wild type; SD, standard deviation; ΔΨm, mitochondrial membrane potential.

Article Snippet: To assess CD8 + T cell infiltration in the lung mTME, mice were treated daily with the PADI4 inhibitor GSK484 (20 mg/kg) and administered intranasally with either Cramp (30 mg/kg, 376364-36-2, Go Top Peptide Biotech, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China) or bongkrekic acid (BKA; 200 μg/kg, HY-136406, MedChemExpress) 3 times per week after E0771-LM3 cell injection, continuing to the macrometastatic stage.

Techniques: Binding Assay, Isolation, Derivative Assay, Staining, Flow Cytometry, Immunofluorescence, Microscopy, Transmission Assay, Membrane, Protein-Protein interactions, In Vitro, Pull Down Assay, Recombinant, Labeling, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Permeability, Standard Deviation

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: ANT-Mediated Inhibition of the Permeability Transition Pore Alleviates Palmitate-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Lipotoxicity

doi: 10.3390/biom14091159

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of bongkrekic acid (BA) and carboxyatractyloside (CAT) on the viability of mouse lung endotheliocytes under conditions of normo- ( A ) and hyperlipidemia ( B ). ( A ) Cells were treated with BA and CAT at different concentrations for 48 h, and the cell viability index was quantified. ( B ) Effect of 25 µM BA and 10 µM CAT on palmitate (PA)-induced lipotoxicity (0.75 mM PA/fatty acid-free BSA complex solution for 6 days) in the mouse lung endothelial cells. Data represent the mean ± SD from 3–4 independent experiments, including at least 25 fields of view.

Article Snippet: Bongkrekic acid (BA, cat. # 203671; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and carboxyatractyloside (CAT, cat. # PHL84196; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) were applied to cell cultures in the form of a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution.

Techniques:

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: ANT-Mediated Inhibition of the Permeability Transition Pore Alleviates Palmitate-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Lipotoxicity

doi: 10.3390/biom14091159

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of bongkrekic acid (BA, 25 µM) and carboxyatractyloside (CAT, 10 µM) on production of reactive oxygen species in mouse lung endothelial cells under conditions of palmitate lipotoxicity (0.75 mM PA/fatty acid-free BSA complex solution for 48 h). ( A ) DCF fluorescence level reflecting ROS production in the cell cytoplasm; ( B ) MitoSOX red fluorescence, reflecting the production of superoxide anion in the mitochondria. The addition of 10 μM antimycin A (AA), an inhibitor of the respiratory chain complex III, demonstrated the highest level of superoxide anion generation by mitochondria of mouse lung endothelial cells. Data represent the mean ± SD from 3–4 independent experiments, including at least 25 fields of view.

Article Snippet: Bongkrekic acid (BA, cat. # 203671; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and carboxyatractyloside (CAT, cat. # PHL84196; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) were applied to cell cultures in the form of a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution.

Techniques: Fluorescence

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: ANT-Mediated Inhibition of the Permeability Transition Pore Alleviates Palmitate-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Lipotoxicity

doi: 10.3390/biom14091159

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of bongkrekic acid (BA, 25 µM) and carboxyatractyloside (CAT, 10 µM) on mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ) in mouse lung endothelial cells under conditions of palmitate-induced lipotoxicity (0.75 mM PA/fatty acid-free BSA complex solution for 48 h). Data represent the mean ± SD from four independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Bongkrekic acid (BA, cat. # 203671; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and carboxyatractyloside (CAT, cat. # PHL84196; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) were applied to cell cultures in the form of a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution.

Techniques: Membrane

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: ANT-Mediated Inhibition of the Permeability Transition Pore Alleviates Palmitate-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Lipotoxicity

doi: 10.3390/biom14091159

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of bongkrekic acid (25 µM) and carboxyatractyloside (10 µM) on the level of colocalization of mitochondria and lysosomes in endothelial cells during palmitate-induced lipotoxicity. ( A ) Typical fluorescence images of MitoTracker DeepRed FM (red dots) and LysoTracker Green (green dots) and their colocalization are shown. Scale bar—10 μm. ( B ) Number of mitochondria (%) colocalized with lysosomes in the mouse lung endotheliocytes from four experimental groups. Abbreviations used: BA, bongkrekic acid; CAT, carboxyatractyloside; PA, palmitic acid. Conditions: CTR—BSA solution, PA—0.75 mM palmitate/BSA complex solution. Data represent the mean ± SD from four independent experiments, including at least 10 fields of view.

Article Snippet: Bongkrekic acid (BA, cat. # 203671; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and carboxyatractyloside (CAT, cat. # PHL84196; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) were applied to cell cultures in the form of a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution.

Techniques: Fluorescence

Journal: Foods

Article Title: Identification of Burkholderia gladioli pv. cocovenenans in Black Fungus and Efficient Recognition of Bongkrekic Acid and Toxoflavin Producing Phenotype by Back Propagation Neural Network

doi: 10.3390/foods13020351

Figure Lengend Snippet: Correspondence of MLST phylogenetic tree based on concatenated sequences of 7 MLST housekeeping genes with a toxigenic phenotype heatmap. The tree was constructed with 26 isolates and 3 standard strains using the neighborhood joining method with a bootstrap value of 1000. The colors of strains were divided according to different STs. The heatmap on the right represents the production of bongkrekic acid (BA) and toxoflavin. CCs at the TLV threshold have been indicated, with CC1-3 being the main and CC4-5 being the minor.

Article Snippet: Bongkrekic acid (Anpel, Shanghai, China) and toxoflavin (Yuanye, Shanghai, China) standard solution series were used.

Techniques: Construct

Journal: Foods

Article Title: Identification of Burkholderia gladioli pv. cocovenenans in Black Fungus and Efficient Recognition of Bongkrekic Acid and Toxoflavin Producing Phenotype by Back Propagation Neural Network

doi: 10.3390/foods13020351

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bongkrekic acid production in soaked black fungus and foods. ( a ) The measurement of four isolated and two standard strains for the production of bongkrekic acid in black fungus soaked for 72 h. ( b ) The measurement of NC18, NC22, Co14, and DSM 11318 for the production of bongkrekic acid in tremella, rice noodles, chow fun, and fresh black fungus foods. *** indicates diferences exist between strains and foods when p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Bongkrekic acid (Anpel, Shanghai, China) and toxoflavin (Yuanye, Shanghai, China) standard solution series were used.

Techniques: Isolation